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What is Epidemiology

WebEpidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease or other health-related outcomes in human populations, and the application of that study to controlling …

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Foundations of Epidemiology – Open Textbook

WebFoundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic …

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10 Causality and Causal Thinking in Epidemiology

WebCausality and Causal Thinking in Epidemiology. Learning Objectives. After reading this chapter, you will be able to do the following: Discuss the 3 tenets of human disease …

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Surveillance – Foundations of Epidemiology

WebPublic health surveillance is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as. the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data …

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2 Measures of Disease Frequency

WebIncidence and Prevalence. There are 2 commonly used measures of disease frequency that incorporate denominator information: one is a measure of existing disease ( prevalence …

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1.4 Anatomical Terminology – Anatomy & Physiology

WebThere are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in Figure 1.4.3. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left …

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22.3 The Process of Breathing – Anatomy & Physiology

WebFigure 22.3.1 – Boyle’s Law: In a gas, pressure increases as volume decreases. Pulmonary ventilation is dependent on three types of pressure: atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and …

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4 Introduction to 2 x 2 Tables, Epidemiologic Study Design, and

WebYou can see that we have 4 smokers, 6 nonsmokers, 5 individuals with hypertension, and 5 without. In this example, smoking is the exposure and hypertension is the health …

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Screening and Diagnostic Testing – Foundations of Epidemiology

WebIn this chapter, we will cover both screening and diagnostic testing. Though public health professionals are not usually directly involved with diagnosing patients, the tests used for …

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5.1 Layers of the Skin – Anatomy & Physiology

WebFigure 5.1.1 – Layers of Skin: The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective …

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26.4 Acid-Base Balance – Anatomy & Physiology

WebAcid-balance balance is measured using the pH scale, as shown in Figure 26.4.1. A variety of buffering systems permits blood and other bodily fluids to maintain a narrow pH range, …

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24.7 Nutrition and Diet – Anatomy & Physiology

WebObesity is defined by the body mass index (BMI), which is a measure of an individual’s weight-to-height ratio. The normal, or healthy, BMI range is between 18 and 24.9 kg/m 2. …

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23.6 The Small and Large Intestines – Anatomy & Physiology

WebThe large intestine frames these three parts of the small intestine. Parasympathetic nerve fibers from the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve fibers from the thoracic splanchnic …

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26.2 Water Balance – Anatomy & Physiology

WebFigure 26.2.2 – Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It causes the kidneys to retain water, constricts …

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1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body

WebAtoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and …

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6.3 Bone Structure – Anatomy & Physiology

WebGross Anatomy of Bones. A long bone has two main regions: the diaphysis and the epiphysis ( Figure 6.3.1). The diaphysis is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the …

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6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and …

WebCalcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone, it is also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed not only for bone mineralization but for …

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2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning

WebThe four types most important to human structure and function are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. Before exploring these compounds, you need to first …

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5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System – Anatomy & Physiology

WebFigure 5.3.3 – Aging: Generally, skin, especially on the face and hands, starts to display the first noticeable signs of aging, as it loses its elasticity over time. (credit: Janet Ramsden) …

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